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          Linux操作指南：02-配置防火墙端口
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        <p>新装的Linux系统，ssh、nginx、tomcat等各种服务都安装好了，可是在外网却访问不了？？这十有八九是防火墙的端口没有打开了。</p>
<span id="more"></span>

<h1 id="环境"><a href="#环境" class="headerlink" title="环境"></a>环境</h1><p>系统：CentOS 7</p>
<h1 id="firewall-cmd与iptables"><a href="#firewall-cmd与iptables" class="headerlink" title="firewall-cmd与iptables"></a>firewall-cmd与iptables</h1><p>到了CentOS 7，防火墙的操作命令由<em>iptables</em>改为了<em>firewall-cmd</em>了。以下是摘抄自<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://wangchujiang.com/linux-command/c/firewall-cmd.html">他人</a>的解释：</p>
<blockquote>
<p>firewall-cmd 是 firewalld的字符界面管理工具，firewalld是centos7的一大特性，最大的好处有两个：支持动态更新，不用重启服务；第二个就是加入了防火墙的“zone”概念。</p>
<p>firewalld跟iptables比起来至少有两大好处：</p>
<ol>
<li>firewalld可以动态修改单条规则，而不需要像iptables那样，在修改了规则后必须得全部刷新才可以生效。</li>
<li>firewalld在使用上要比iptables人性化很多，即使不明白“五张表五条链”而且对TCP/IP协议也不理解也可以实现大部分功能。</li>
</ol>
<p>firewalld自身并不具备防火墙的功能，而是和iptables一样需要通过内核的netfilter来实现，也就是说firewalld和 iptables一样，他们的作用都是用于维护规则，而真正使用规则干活的是内核的netfilter，只不过firewalld和iptables的结 构以及使用方法不一样罢了。</p>
</blockquote>
<p>总的来说这次变更带来的直观好处就是变的更方便更好用了。</p>
<h1 id="端口开发的两种方式"><a href="#端口开发的两种方式" class="headerlink" title="端口开发的两种方式"></a>端口开发的两种方式</h1><p>开放端口有两种方式：指定端口和指定服务。</p>
<p>指定端口很好理解，就是写上那个端口号就开放那个端口。</p>
<p>指定服务可以理解为内置的一个端口映射，默认情况下：ssh服务端口是22、http服务端口是80、MySQL服务端口是3306、tomcat服务端口是8080，因此用服务名来代替直接指定端口，方便记忆和使用。</p>
<p><strong>要注意的是：通过指定服务名开放的就要通过指定服务名关闭；通过指定端口号开放的就要通过指定端口号关闭，且指定端口的时候一定要指定是什么协议，tcp 还是 udp。</strong></p>
<h1 id="permanent参数和zone参数"><a href="#permanent参数和zone参数" class="headerlink" title="permanent参数和zone参数"></a>permanent参数和zone参数</h1><p>配置端口的时候这两个参数是会经常使用到的。</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">firewall-cmd --permanent</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>这个很好理解，就是让配置永久生效的意思。</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">firewall-cmd --zone=public</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p><strong>zone</strong>参数就难以理解一点，这个参数的作用是指定一套规则集合，依靠这些规则来判断是否放行数据。这里使用的规则集是<strong>public</strong>，即只放行已配置的服务（端口）。</p>
<p>更详细的可以参考：<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://www.excelib.com/article/287/show/#g5vTC3">Firewalld的结构</a>，<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.cnblogs.com/excelib/p/5155951.html">用活Firewalld防火墙中的zone</a></p>
<h1 id="firewall-cmd常用命令"><a href="#firewall-cmd常用命令" class="headerlink" title="firewall-cmd常用命令"></a>firewall-cmd常用命令</h1><p>增加端口</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#</span><span class="bash"> 指定端口</span></span><br><span class="line">firewall-cmd --zone=public --add-port=80/tcp --permanent</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#</span><span class="bash"> 指定服务</span></span><br><span class="line">firewall-cmd --add-service=http --permanent</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>移除端口</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">#</span><span class="bash"> 指定端口</span></span><br><span class="line">firewall-cmd --permanent --remove-port=80/tcp</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">#</span><span class="bash"> 指定服务</span></span><br><span class="line">firewall-cmd --permanent --remove-service=http</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>显示防火墙运行状态</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">firewall-cmd --state</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>仅显示打开的端口信息</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">firewall-cmd --list-ports</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>仅显示增加的服务信息</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">firewall-cmd --list-service</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>显示所有信息</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">firewall-cmd --list-all</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>配置完之后，必须要重启防火墙让配置生效，如下命令的意思是不中断连接重新加载防火墙配置</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">firewall-cmd --reload</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>


<h1 id="总结"><a href="#总结" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总结</h1><p>这里只是列举了自己常用的一些命令，更具体的可以参考以下文章</p>
<ul>
<li><p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://wangchujiang.com/linux-command/c/firewall-cmd.html">firewall-cmd详解</a></p>
</li>
<li><p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://www.excelib.com/article/287/show/#g5vTC3">Firewalld的结构</a></p>
</li>
<li><p><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.cnblogs.com/excelib/p/5155951.html">用活Firewalld防火墙中的zone</a></p>
</li>
</ul>

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